1. Hardness: Rubies are among the hardest gemstones, second only to diamonds, making them durable and suitable for everyday wear.

2. Color: Rubies are known for their rich red hue, ranging from deep crimson to pinkish-red. The most valuable rubies exhibit a vibrant, pure red color with minimal secondary hues.

3. Clarity: Like all gemstones, rubies may contain internal flaws (inclusions) or surface imperfections (blemishes). Inclusions can affect transparency and value, with fewer inclusions indicating higher quality.

4. Cut: Rubies are typically faceted to enhance their brilliance and color. Popular cuts include oval, cushion, and round, though traditional cuts like the cushion or cabochon can also be seen.

5. Carat Weight: Rubies are often found in smaller sizes, with larger stones being rarer and more valuable. However, carat weight is just one factor in determining a ruby's worth; color, clarity, and cut also play significant roles.

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